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Siward, Earl of Northumbria
Siward or Sigurd ( or more recently ;〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=''Pronouncing Shakespeare's Words: A Guide from A to Zounds'' )〕 Old English: ''Sigeweard'')〔The English name Siward or Sigeweard was cognate to the single Old Norse name written variously as ''Sigvarðr'' and ''Sigurðr''; see Holman, ''Northern Conquest'', p. 103; Munch (ed.), ''Chronica regum Manniae et Insularum'', vol. i, p. 140; Stevenson, ''Simeon of Durham'', p. 119〕 was an important earl of 11th-century northern England. The Old Norse nickname ''Digri'' and its Latin translation ''Grossus'' ("the stout") are given to him by near-contemporary texts.〔Barlow (ed.), ''Life of King Edward'', p. 35 (= ''Vita Ædwardi'', i. 3); Aird, "Siward"; see also reference in on the ''Vita Waldevi'' below〕 Siward was probably of Scandinavian origin, perhaps a relative of Earl Ulf, and emerged as a powerful regional strongman in England during the reign of Cnut ("Canute the Great", 1016–1035). Cnut was a Scandinavian ruler who conquered England in the 1010s, and Siward was one of the many Scandinavians who came to England in the aftermath of that conquest. Siward subsequently rose to become sub-ruler of most of northern England. From 1033 at the latest Siward was in control of southern Northumbria, that is, present-day Yorkshire, governing as earl on Cnut's behalf.
He entrenched his position in northern England by marrying Ælfflæd, the daughter of Ealdred, Earl of Bamburgh. After killing Ealdred's successor Eadulf in 1041, Siward gained control of all Northumbria. He exerted his power in support of Cnut's successors, kings Harthacnut and Edward, assisting them with vital military aid and counsel. He probably gained control of the middle shires of Northampton and Huntingdon by the 1050s, and there is some evidence that he spread Northumbrian control into Cumberland. In the early 1050s Earl Siward turned against the Scottish ruler Mac Bethad mac Findlaích ("Macbeth"). Despite the death of his son Osbjorn, Siward defeated Mac Bethad in battle in 1054. More than half a millennium later the Scotland adventure earned him a place in William Shakespeare's ''Macbeth''. Siward died in 1055, leaving one son, Waltheof, who would eventually succeed to Northumbria. St Olave's church in York and nearby Heslington Hill are associated with Siward.
==Sources==
Source material on Siward's life and career is scarce, and only a small and potentially unrepresentative amount of information exists. No contemporary or near-contemporary biography has survived, and narratives from around the time of his life such as the ''Encomium Emmae'' and the ''Vita Ædwardi Regis'' scarcely mention him; historians are therefore dependent on a few entries in the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' and comparable Irish sources. Later Anglo-Norman histories may or may not be reliable depending on their source material, but useful ones include the ''Chronicle'' of John of Worcester (compiled between 1124 and 1140),〔Gransden, ''Historical Writing'', p. 144〕 William of Malmesbury (writing between c. 1125 and 1142),〔Thomson, "Malmesbury, William of"〕 Henry of Huntingdon (writing between c. 1133 and 1154),〔Gransden, ''Historical Writing'', p. 194〕 and Orderic Vitalis (writing between c. 1114 and 1141).〔Gransden, ''Historical Writing'', p. 152〕 Other sources〔For source discussion in this period, see Lawson, ''Cnut'', pp. 39–80 and Gransden, ''Historical Writing'', passim; for particular relevant analysis, see sources used by Duncan, ''Kingship'', pp. 33–43 and Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', pp. 248–71〕 include the material attributed to Symeon of Durham (compiled and written as extant between the late 11th century and the first half of the 12th century).〔The texts in question are the ''Historia Regum'', the ''Libellus de exordio'', ''De primo Saxonum adventu'' and ''De obsessione Dunelmi''; the ''Libellus de exordio'' is likely to have been "authored" by Symeon; see Rollason, ''Symeon of Durham'', pp. xlii–l, lxxvii–xci, et passim, for a recent discussion〕 Legendary material, such as that in hagiography or later medieval sources such as John of Fordun or Andrew of Wyntoun, is not generally regarded as useful beyond its limited potential for cleanly preserving earlier source material.〔Duncan, ''Kingship'', passim; Broun, ''Scottish Independence'', passim〕
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